Cantilever Force Sensor based on Photonic Crystals Ring Resonator: A Review

Vol. 5  Issue 4
Year: 2016
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Cantilever Force Sensor based on Photonic Crystals Ring Resonator: A Review
Author Name:Anjali S. Sanghvi,Vikas Sahu, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Anamika Bhadra and Anshu
Synopsis:
Photonic Crystals include hexagonal rings in a two dimensional photonic crystal silicon slab of hexagonal lattice integrated on microcantilevers for sensing applications. Ring resonator is arranged in between two silicon Photonic Crystals waveguides, i.e., bus and drop waveguides. The new ring-resonators were formed by removing holes of a hexagon from a two-dimensional silicon Photonic Crystals slab in a hexagonal lattice. The sensing characteristics of ring resonator at various position adjacent to the junction of the microcantilever and the substrate are investigated. Biomolecules trapped in a hole functionalized with molecule probes will make the wavelength shift of the resonant
peak. This paper aims at further improving two parameters: Quality Factor and Sensitivity by varying radius of the holes and lattice constant. Two-dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain method and Effective Refractive Index approaches are to be employed for performing simulation.

Wavelength Division Multipiexing and Demultiplexing using Photonic Crystal Multi Channel Add Drop Filter: A Review

Vol. 5  Issue 4
Year: 2016
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Wavelength Division Multipiexing and Demultiplexing using Photonic Crystal Multi Channel Add Drop Filter: A Review
Author Name:Anamika Bhadra, Vikas Sahu, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Anshu and Anjali S. Sanghvi 
Synopsis:
The need for higher communication medium is endless as the newer technologies have been came so far, and there is always a search for a more efficient and promising scheme as compared to the present system. The current communication system is the most modern mode of communication. Today, most of the transmission takes place in 1550 nm window. So, the purpose of this paper is to present the simulation of Wavelength Division De-Multiplexing using a Photonic Crystal four-Channel Drop filter, and design it for multi channel Add-Drop filter with Wavelength Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing, as it can provide the result in 1530 nm to 1570 nm window, which is quite ideal for
present optical communication system. A crystal is a periodic arrangement of atoms and molecules and the pattern which the atoms and molecules are repeated in space is the crystal lattice. In the PhC, the atoms or molecules are replaced by macroscopic media with differing dielectric constants and the periodic potential is replaced by a periodic dielectric function. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is considered to be a propitious scheme for high capacity optical interconnects and communications.

Optimization of Dual-Band BPF using Defected Ground Structure

Vol. 5  Issue 4
Year: 2016
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Optimization of Dual-Band BPF using Defected Ground Structure
Author Name:Anjali Sachan, Arvind Kumar Pandey and R.K. Chauhan 
Synopsis:
In this paper, a new Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is proposed with an aim to reduce the size of already existing filter and increase the fractional bandwidth of the band-pass filters. The proposed DGS is applied to the previously designed Dual-Band Pass Filter (BPF), which was operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz. On using this defected ground structure, the operating frequency of the first pass band reduces from 2.45 GHz to 2.197 GHz, whereas operating frequency of second pass band reduces from 5.2 GHz to 4.8 Ghz. The increase in fractional bandwidth was also observed at first pass-band.
The size of the Dual-Band BPF with DGS is 0.11 λ × 0.21 λ , and size of Dual-Band BPF without DGS is 0.11λ × 0.23λ . The g g g g size of the Dual-Band BPF is therefore reduced to 8.69% after using the proposed DGS.

Modeling the Effect of Dispersion and Cross Phase Modulation in DWDM System

Vol. 5  Issue 4
Year: 2016
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Modeling the Effect of Dispersion and Cross Phase Modulation in DWDM System
Author Name:Prachi Agrawal, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Pooja Sharma, Rahul Parganiha and Anuja Mishra
Synopsis:
This paper investigates the best modulation format among Non Return-to Zero (NRZ), Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero (CSRZ) and Duo Binary (DB) modulation format for long haul transmission system and to find out the best dispersion compensation technique among the pre compensation, post compensation and symmetrical compensation scheme for the 16 channel DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system. The channel spacing between the channel is 200 Ghz and all the channel operates at 40 Gbps data rate. The best transmission modulation format is found by varying the signal input power and analyzing the eye diagram from the BER analyzer of the optiSystem software. It is found that DB modulation format with symmetrical compensation technique is the best method for the long haul data transmission. Analysis is done using Optiwave OptiSystem software. The objective of this paper is to compare three different modulation techniques for different modulation formats for long distance communication.

Analysis of Multi-User Interference in Pseudo-Noise DS-CDMA

Vol. 5  Issue 4
Year: 2016
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Analysis of Multi-User Interference in Pseudo-Noise DS-CDMA
Author Name:Taye Tolu Mekonnen, Tesfaye Mekonnen Zeleke and Taye Aychiluhim Fenta
Synopsis:
With the emergence of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), the communication world has been bestowed with state-of-the-art multiple access schemes that are used to allow many simultaneous subscribers to the same fixed bandwidth radio spectrum. The problem, however, is that there is a limit to the capacity and performance of this technique as Multiple Access Interference (MAI) stems along with this technology. Therefore, an analysis which basically focuses on the effect of this Multiple Access Interference is essential. The main goal of this work is to analyze the multiple access
interference in Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA). It mainly focuses on the effects on the Bit Error Rate (BER) as a result of a change in Signal-to-Noise (SNR), which varies with the number of users assigned to a channel. The result of this study demonstrated that the probability of occurrence of an error in the received signals increase as the number of users sharing the same channel increases, maintaining other parameters constant. This is directly attributed to the fact that SNR decreases as the number of subscribers to the same channel increases. However, further analysis requires the due consideration of other parameters like external effects to decide on the optimum
number of users to share a given channel.

Solving Network Congestion Problem by Quality of Service Analysis using OPNET

Vol. 5  Issue 4
Year: 2016
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Solving Network Congestion Problem by Quality of Service Analysis using OPNET
Author Name:Furat N. Tawfeeq and Mohammed A. Abdala
Synopsis:
Among many problems that reduced the performance of the network, especially Wide Area Network, congestion is one of these, which is caused when traffic request reaches or exceeds the available capacity of a route, resulting in blocking and less throughput per unit time. Congestion management attributes try to manage such cases. The work presented in this paper deals with an important issue that is the Quality of Service (QoS) techniques. QoS is the combination effect on service level, which locates the user's degree of contentment of the service. In this paper, packet schedulers (FIFO, WFQ,
CQ, and PQ) were implemented and evaluated under different applications with different priorities. The results show that WFQ scheduler gives acceptable results comparing with others. Computer simulation has been performed to study and verify the above mechanisms in the performance enhancement using the OPNET simulator.

Compact Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for X-Band.

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:Compact Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna for X-Band.
Author Name:Alok Kumar Gupta and Rajan Mishra 
Synopsis:
In this paper, a planar slotted microstrip antenna with rectangular slotted patch used as the single radiating element and tapered shape slot in ground has been designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna is compact in size with an 3 overall dimension of 22×24×1.6 mm . This antenna is fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative permittivity of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02 and 50Ω. Resistance is used as the characteristics impedance for microstrip line feed, being compact in size, antenna still achieves a bandwidth of wide range from 3.6 GHz to 11.8 GHz. By properly adjusting the feed gap (h), that is the distance between the tuning stub and the slot in the ground plane, determines the coupling between them and a good impedance matching is obtained and by cutting two slots on the rectangular radiating patch, with dimensions 1.5×1 mm and 1.5×1.5 mm, the gain of the antenna is drastically improved and it is found that gain plot is above zero for frequency range of 8 GHz to 12 GHz and a maximum gain of 9.2 dB is obtained at 12 GHz frequency.

Design And Performance Evaluation Of PIFA With Key Shaped Slot For Wireless Applications

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:Design And Performance Evaluation Of PIFA With Key Shaped Slot For Wireless Applications
Author Name:Amrita Nishin Toppo and Rajan Mishra
Synopsis:
This paper describes the design and simulation of a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) covering multiple bands by HFSS simulator. Simple structure and easy to manufacture is the key of the proposed antenna. It fulfills wireless communication application and also it is compact and efficient. The proposed antenna covers bands DCS (1710-1800 MHz), GSM (880- 960 MHz), PCS (1850-1990 MHZ), Bluetooth (2400 MHz), UMTS (1920-2170 MHz), WiBro (2300-2390 MHz), WCS band (2305-2320 MHz), LTE 2300 (2300-2400 MHz), LTE 2500 (2600-2690 GHz) and Wimax (2.3 GHz). A directional radiation pattern is observed within the mentioned bandwidth. S11 plot and various parametric analysis has been done for an improved response. The objective of this paper is to design a compact antenna, which could be used for different wireless applications such as mobile and should be compatible with the present demand, i.e. 3G and 4G.

BER Expression for Maximum Ratio Combining in Imperfect Channel Estimation Environment.

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:BER Expression for Maximum Ratio Combining in Imperfect Channel Estimation Environment.
Author Name:Meher Krishna Patel, Stevan M. Berber and Kevin W. Sowerby
Synopsis:
This paper presents the performance of the Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) technique for the downlink BPSK system. Generalized analytical Bit Error Rate (BER) is derived in closed form for imperfect channel estimators in complex flat fading environment. Analytical results show that BER depends on the cosine of estimated phase errors. Further, analytical and simulation results show that channel estimators are not required in real fading coefficients case, which is equivalent to perfect estimation case. In general, BER is defined in the range [0.5,1], but in this work complete range of BER i.e. [0,1] is related with estimated channel coefficients. However, the performance of two and more receiving antenna system slightly degrades as compared to the perfect channel estimator in real fading coefficients environment. Also, it has been shown that estimated amplitude coefficients have no effect on BER performance in a single antenna system, it’s only the estimated phase that matters; whereas for higher number of antennas, estimated amplitude as well as phase coefficients affect the BER performances.

Implementation of SDC Using I2C Multi Master-Multi Slave with Wishbone Signal

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:Implementation of SDC Using I2C Multi Master-Multi Slave with Wishbone Signal
Author Name:G. Nandini and K. Nagi Reddy
Synopsis:
I2C Multi Master with Multi Slave is designed from a bidirectional serial data bus containing bidirectional data lines like Serial Data Line (SDL) and Serial Clock Line (SCL) along with Wishbone Signal. I2C protocol has the ability to support multiple masters and provides an efficient method of data exchange between devices. This is a very useful protocol for faster devices to communicate each other with slower devices without data loss. With the use of this protocol, a serious problem arises resulting to overlapping of signals. To overcome such problems, a special signal called WishBone signal is used. The main objective of this paper is to observe the operation of the master controller and wishbone controller, which performs high speed data transfer in the presence of master or slave. This yields higher speed data transfer over the network. The complete module is modeled in Verilog HDL and synthesized in Xilinx 13.2i, also simulated in Model Sim 6.4a.

A Compact UWB Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX, WLAN and Amateur Radio.

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:A Compact UWB Microstrip Antenna for WiMAX, WLAN and Amateur Radio.
Author Name:Shashi Mohan Kumar and Rajan Mishra
Synopsis:
A compact Ultra-WideBand (UWB) microstrip antenna is proposed for wireless application in the Ultra-WideBand (UWB) frequency. This paper proposed a low-profile antenna which consists of a patch, a combination of two inverted C-shape structures. This consists of a rectangular ground with one rectangular and one trapezoidal slot cut. Defected ground technique in this antenna provides a good impedance matching. The bandwidth of this antenna is broad which includes an entire UWB frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. This antenna has three resonant bands 3.37 GHz, which is applicable for WiMAX (3.3 – 3.7 GHz), 5.3 GHz which is applicable for WLAN (5.15 – 5.825 GHz) and 10.06 GHz which is  applicable for Amateur Radio (10 - 10.5 GHz). The surface size of antenna is 25 x 25 mm2 with 1.6 mm height of substrate which provides broad bandwidth, constant group delay, good impedance matching and constant gain.

Modification in Parameters and Improved Analysis of Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication System

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:Modification in Parameters and Improved Analysis of Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication System
Author Name:Pooja Sharma, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Anuja Mishra, Prachi Agrawal and Rahul Parganiha
Synopsis:
The aim of this paper is to analyze a method to connect two or more satellites by using optical link. The first objective of this paper is to design an Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication System (IsOWC) and this system designed was modeled and simulated for various performance characterizations. The other objective of this paper is to find the relationship between various performance parameters of Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication System. Several parameters of the IsOWC system are varied to obtain enhanced system performance. The main parameters that was considered is distance between satellites, different wavelength, bit rates, etc. The IsOWC system was modeled and simulated by using Optisystem 14.0 by optiwave software.

Fork Shaped MIMO Planar Antenna for UWB Application

Vol. 5  Issue 3
Year: 2016
Issue:May-Jul
Title:Fork Shaped MIMO Planar Antenna for UWB Application
Author Name:Amit Kumar Singh and Rajan Mishra
Synopsis:
In this paper, a fork shaped MIMO antenna has been proposed with an overall size of 26×40×0.8 mm , that is essentially used for the Ultra-WideBand (UWB) applications. It is fabricated on the FR_4 Epoxy substrate. The material has a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02 and the most important fact is that, it is very cheap and easily available. The proposed antenna consists of two fork shaped patch on the top surface of the substrate with a microstrip feed of 50Ω is positioned perpendicular to each other to attain good isolation. To increase the impedance bandwidth and to improve the isolation, two long ground stubs are placed on the bottom surface of the substrate. A small strip is used to connect the two ground planes together to form the common ground at the bottom surface. The performance of the fork shaped MIMO antenna can be measured in terms of the reflection coefficient at the two input ports, coupling between the input ports, peak gain and radiation pattern. The results show that the fork shaped MIMO antenna has an impedance bandwidth greater than 3.1 to 11.1 GHz with a low mutual coupling less than -15 dB throughout the band. It has a VSWR of less than 2, throughout the band and it has a good gain and an omnidirectional radiation pattern.

Compact Dual Port Triple Band MIMO Planar Inverted-F Antenna for Wireless Applications.

Vol. 5  Issue 2
Year: 2016
Issue:Feb-Apr  
Title:Compact Dual Port Triple Band MIMO Planar Inverted-F Antenna for Wireless Applications.
Author Name:Rajnish and R. K. Chauhan
Synopsis:
A compact dual band low profile MIMO PIFA antenna for mobile handset GSM (800 MHz - 1100 MHz), Bluetooth (2.4 - 2.48 GHz), WLAN (3.1 GHz - 3.45 GHz), WiMAX (2.5 GHz - 2.69 GHz) applications is presented in this paper. The size of the proposed antenna design is 16 x 33 x 4 mm on a 100 x 45 mm ground plane. Two feeding ports are arranged perpendicular to each other such that, the polarization diversity is exploited because of the reason that the two ports are cross polarized. A slot of size 20 x 37 mm is cut on the bottom plane for optimized isolation of two ports. Introducing slit in the PIFA diverging part and its ground plane results in making quad resonance frequencies and growing the bandwidth, correspondingly. The antenna simply uses an inexpensive substrate FR-4 of 1.6 mm height and dielectric constant of 4.4. Details of a compact, low profile dual band PIFA antenna with slotted ground and patch and height of 4 mm are presented and studied in this paper.

A Compact Triple Band Monopole Antenna With U-Shaped Slots For Wireless Applications

Vol. 5  Issue 2
Year: 2016
Issue:Feb-Apr  
Title:A Compact Triple Band Monopole Antenna With U-Shaped Slots For Wireless Applications
Author Name:Garima Jaiswal
Synopsis:
A compact size triple band microstrip patch antenna for WCDMA and Bluetooth, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has been proposed. This antenna is applicable for all wireless application such as Bluetooth, WiFi, WLAN and WiMAX. It is very compact to other existing antennas. This proposed antenna consists of patch with U-shaped Slots, symmetric stair type structure microstrip feed and finite ground plane. It operates over the frequency ranges, 1.9-2.6 GHz, 3.3-3.9 GHz and 4.4-7.1 GHz and suitable for WCDMA and Bluetooth (1.9-2.6 GHz), WiMAX (2.5 / 3.5 / 5.5 GHz), WLAN (2.4 / 5.2 / 5.8 GHz) and WiFi (5 GHz) and also provides band rejection between that frequency bands. The proposed antenna is compact (15x15x1.6 mm3 ) with good return loss and wider bandwidth.

A Modified Rectangular Ring Wideband Monopole Antenna for WLAN / WiMAX Applications

Vol. 5  Issue 2
Year: 2016
Issue:Feb-Apr  
Title:A Modified Rectangular Ring Wideband Monopole Antenna for WLAN / WiMAX Applications
Author Name:Km. Poonam Chaurasiya and R. K. Chauhan
Synopsis:
In this paper, a novel rectangular ring monopole antenna for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is demonstrated. The antenna is designed with a rectangle shaped ring having four different strips. The four strips along with the rectangular ring are used to create a wide impedance bandwidth (2.3-7 GHz) for VSWR ≤ 2, which covers the WLAN frequency ranges (2.4 - 2.483 GHz, 5.15 - 5.35 GHz and 5.725 - 5.825 GHz) and WiMAX band (2.5 - 2.69 GHz, 3.30 - 3.80 GHz and 5.25 - 5.85 GHz) applications. The antenna shows a sufficient wide bandwidth (4700 MHz) with good radiation patterns. The proposed antenna is suitable for WLAN/WiMax standards

Design and Performance Evaluation of PIFA with Parasitic Elements for Mobile and UWB Applications

Vol. 5  Issue 2
Year: 2016
Issue:Feb-Apr  
Title:Design and Performance Evaluation of PIFA with Parasitic Elements for Mobile and UWB Applications
Author Name:Priyanka Singh and Rajan Mishra
Synopsis:
The objective of this paper is to design and perform analysis of PIFA in order to obtain the required performance characteristics for mobile and UWB applications. Simulation and analysis were carried out by high frequency structure simulator, HFSS. The proposed antenna covers a wide frequency range from 0.67 GHz to 11GHz. It operates at LTE700 MHz, GSM (800-900 MHz), GPS (1.22 and 1.57 GHz), DCS (1.8 GHz), PCS (1.9 GHz), Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (2.4-2.5 GHz), 5 GHz WLAN and the major part of UWB frequency range The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular patch, rectangular parasitic element, inverted-L Shaped parasitic element, slots in ground plane which produces low frequency resonance and thick feeding terminal. The antenna design parameters are varied to study its effect on performance of the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna has a flat and simple structure, which can be easily implemented.

Design and Simulation of Slotted Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Applications.

Vol. 5  Issue 2
Year: 2016
Issue:Feb-Apr  
Title:Design and Simulation of Slotted Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Applications.
Author Name:Shweta Gupta, Sudhanshu Verma and G.S. Tripathi
Synopsis:
This paper presents the design and simulation of a slotted microstrip antenna which supports dual band operation. The proposed antenna covers upper WLAN [5.2 GHz (5.15-5.35 GHz) and 5.8 GHz (5.724-5.825 GHz)] bands. The substrate used is FR4 having a thickness of 1.6 mm and dielectric constant of 4.4 with a loss tangent of 0.02 is used. The designed antenna is compact in size having the size of the substrate as 40X50 mm. It is having two central frequencies at 5.194 GHz (5.11- 5.29 GHz) and 5.778 GHz (5.66- 5.8825 GHz) which achieves a bandwidth of 180 MHz and 222.5 MHz. It gives an improved return loss of -22.6852 dB and -16.697dB at 5.194 GHz and 5.778 GHz respectively. The designed antenna shows the directional radiation pattern at both the frequencies with acceptable front to back ratio and VSWR at these frequencies below 1.5.

Advancement Towards Communication: Optical Fiber Technology

Vol. 5  Issue 2
Year: 2016
Issue:Feb-Apr  
Title:Advancement Towards Communication: Optical Fiber Technology
Author Name:Prachi Agrawal and Sharad Mohan Srivastava
Synopsis:
In this work, the authors have reviewed the basic concepts of optical fiber network. They describe its key feature and its rapid advancement in the telecommunication industry. The advantages of optical fiber technology in comparison to the conventional data transmission systems and also the basic operating characteristics of fiber optic system is discussed. The work focus on describing the non-linear effects found in fiber communication network, which is the major limitation to the system performance. The objective of this paper is to make readers understand the key terms related to optical fiber technology, specifically different types of non-linearities found in optical fiber to help them carry out their future project works.

Optimization of Mach-Zehnder Modulator For Intersatellite Communication : A Review

Vol. 5  Issue 1
Year: 2016
Issue:Nov-Jan 
Title:Optimization of Mach-Zehnder Modulator For Intersatellite Communication : A Review
Author Name:Pooja Sharma, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Anuja Mishra, Prachi Agrawal and Rahul Parganiha
Synopsis:
The Objective of this review paper is to make the readers understand the key terms related to Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication System to help them carry out their future project work.The concept of wireless communication system has paved its way in optical communication system replacing long lengthy fibers which were previously opted. This has enabled optical wireless systems to be used in free space communications as well. A network is required enabling communication between the satellites prevailing in space because of increasing number of satellites in free space. Higher data rates of Gbps can be achieved using laser communication along with greater distance offered. The communication being carried out between the satellites in space via optical wireless systems is basically termed as Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication (IsOWC). In this review paper, Intersatellite Optical Wireless Communication (IsOWC) system modelling and simulation for performance characterization and estimation are specifically understood and discussed. The system parameters namely bit rates, receiver sensitivity and distance of LEO and GEO intersatellite links were found.The intersatellite link was designed and simulated using a known optical system simulator named OptiSystem by Optiwave.

Analysis Of Cross Phase Modulation in WDM System: A Review

Vol. 5  Issue 1
Year: 2016
Issue:Nov-Jan 
Title:Analysis Of Cross Phase Modulation in WDM System: A Review
Author Name:Prachi Agrawal, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Anuja Mishra, Pooja Sharma and Rahul Parganiha
Synopsis:
In this review paper, the authors show a brief introduction about WDM system. Different types of nonlinearities found in optical fiber are taken into consideration among which, Cross Phase Modulation is focused. Also the Q-factor and BER at different values of the optical dispersion is analysed. Effect of Cross Phase Modulation on the optical fiber is presented by the graphs for the different values of Q-factor and BER. The intensity and timing jitter distortion caused by XPM in 100km NZDSF with channel spacing of 0.8nm is compared and effect of XPM in DQPSK modulation format is discussed. The modelling is done using a commercial optical system simulator named OptiSystem by Optiwave. The objective of this review paper is to make readers understand the key terms related to fiber nonlinearities specifically Cross Phase Modulation to help them carry out their future project work.

Design and Simulation of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for 2.45 GHz

Vol. 5  Issue 1
Year: 2016
Issue:Nov-Jan 
Title:Design and Simulation of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for 2.45 GHz
Author Name:P. Hamsagayathri, P. Sampath and M. Gunavathi 
Synopsis:
Breast cancer is one of most common life-threatening diseases among the world's women. Early detection of Breast cancer, aids in fast and effective treatment to save lives. Mammography, which is currently the most popular method of breast screening, has some limitations. Microstrip antennas are used as an alternative in growing medical applications. The main purpose of the project is to design a simple and cost effective conformal Microstrip Patch Antenna with dimensions of 37 mm X 28 mm using FR4 substrate for operating frequency 2.45 GHz. For enhancing the bandwidth, directivity and gain, 4x1 antenna arrays are designed in linear with corporate feeding networks. Experimental results of the proposed antenna are simulated and discussed using the ADS simulation software. The proposed antenna has a bandwidth of 65 MHz covering the frequency range 2.41-2.49 GHz, the return loss below -26 dB and antenna gain of 2.45 dB. The flexible patch antenna holds good efficiency of 87.1%. This paper proposes design patch antenna which can be applied for early Breast tumor detection in women.

Compact Wide-Band BPF Using Short Ended Uniform Impedance Resonator

Vol. 5  Issue 1
Year: 2016
Issue:Nov-Jan 
Title:Compact Wide-Band BPF Using Short Ended Uniform Impedance Resonator
Author Name:Vipin Kumar Upaddhyay, Gagandeep Bharti and B.S. Rai
Synopsis:
A new compact Wideband Band Pass Filter is proposed based on shorted rectangle uniform impedance resonator with additional short ended stub connected inside it. This Wideband Band Pass Filter is designed with two uniform width resonators resulting in miniaturization of filter size. It has 3dB fractional bandwidth of 94.628%. The insertion loss and return loss are found to be less than 15dB and 0.68 dB respectively in pass band. It has measured 3dB pass band of 1.68 to 4.41 GHz band. The circuit size reduced considerably and its size is 17.2×11.2 mm. This structure used the concept of short ended stub in its design which makes the filter easy and compact in size. This Wideband BPF is useful in S band like weather radar and surface chip radar and especially for communication between the space shuttle and the international space station. This Wide Band BPF is designed and fabricated.The measured and simulated result is in good agreement.

Automatic Receiver Response Mail System

Vol. 5  Issue 1
Year: 2016
Issue:Nov-Jan 
Title:Automatic Receiver Response Mail System
Author Name:J. Divya, D. Jagadeesan and G. Asha
Synopsis:
Now-a- days e-mail usage is more. Many people pass information to their friends, relatives, workers, officials and students through e-mail. In this paper, the proposed system is about to verify that the mail is opened or not at receiver end and also to inform the sender about the mail activity that the mail is forwarded or deleted. For instance, sender wants to send the information to the receiver through mail. The receiver receives the mail information and places in to the inbox or spam folder. The sender do not know whether the receiver mail is opened or not. In this proposed receiver response mail system, once the receiver opened the mail from inbox or spam folder, the system automatically sends the mail opened information or forwarded information or deleted information mail to the sender. It is an efficient method for tracking the mail.

Performance Analysis of Co-Operative Spectrum Sensing Using Optimization in Cognitive Radio

Vol. 5  Issue 1
Year: 2016
Issue:Nov-Jan 
Title:Performance Analysis of Co-Operative Spectrum Sensing Using Optimization in Cognitive Radio
Author Name:Payal Mishra and Neelam Dewangan 
Synopsis:
A cognitive radio system is a mechanism which allows unlicensed (cognitive) user to utilize free bands. Cognitive users detect the presence of such free bands and energy detection which is highly regarded as a prospective technique for this spectrum sensing task. The main aim is to optimize the detection performance in an efficient and implementable way and to reduce the probability of error, which mainly occurs in the wireless channel. The analysis is done under the Rayleigh fading channel. However, there exist two kinds of detection errors (i.e., miss-detection error and false-alarm error), which degrade the sensing performance severely. To overcome the entire problems in the cognitive radio network, the authors need to use an optimization algorithm, which gives the satisfactory result in the given environment. Due to its simplicity and its multi handling capabilities, Genetic Algorithm(GA) is used. The result is compared with Conventional Energy Detector and it is evident from the comparison that, GA finds better solution to the given problem.

Micro Ring Resonator Based Optical Filters for WDM Applications - A Review

Vol. 4  Issue 4
Year: 2015
Issue:Aug-Oct
Title:Micro Ring Resonator Based Optical Filters for WDM Applications - A Review
Author Name:Rahul Parganiha, Sharad Mohan Shrivastava, Pooja Sharma, Prachi Agrawal and Anuja Mishra 
Synopsis:

In the recent years, optical networks has been proved out to be very efficient and faster compared to traditional satellite and wired network. Optical filters are needed for dynamic allocation and bandwidth selectivity of input signals in these networks. For filtering, micro ring Resonators are considered best due to their various advantages such as small size, light weight, effective operational capability and inexpensiveness. Integrated ring resonators are compact, integrated micro structures which can be used for Multiplexing/Demultiplexing, Modulation/ Demodulation, Switching and filtering of optical signals. This paper gives an overview of applications of Ring Resonators in modern optical communication system especially with Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). We have focused this study in the field of optical filters. Structure and characteristics along with recent inventions and works done in this field has been summarized. The objectives for this survey paper are, 1) to explain basic structure, working principle, parameters and coupling configurations of optical ring resonator, 2) to discuss recent work done in the field of MEMS actuated optical filters and their characteristics and 3) to explore future scope for optical filters in communications.